2607.24653v1
Jul 27, 2026
cs.CL
Kimi K3: 개방형 최첨단 지능
Kimi K3: Open Frontier Intelligence
Zhilin Yang
Zhilin Yang
Citations:
35,150
h-index:
42
Xinyu Yang
Xinyu Yang
Citations:
9,386
h-index:
5
Shenzhi Wang
Shenzhi Wang
Citations:
1,153
h-index:
12
Angang Du
Angang Du
Citations:
1,464
h-index:
3
Bowei Xing
Bowei Xing
Citations:
1,242
h-index:
2
Cheng Li
Cheng Li
Citations:
1,480
h-index:
5
Chenzhuang Du
Chenzhuang Du
Citations:
2,457
h-index:
8
Chuning Tang
Chuning Tang
Citations:
962
h-index:
2
Dehao Zhang
Dehao Zhang
Citations:
2,331
h-index:
8
Enzhe Lu
Enzhe Lu
Citations:
2,277
h-index:
8
Guokun Lai
Guokun Lai
Citations:
2,280
h-index:
8
Haiqing Guo
Haiqing Guo
Citations:
1,297
h-index:
4
Haochen Ding
Haochen Ding
Citations:
1,533
h-index:
5
Hao-Xing Hu
Hao-Xing Hu
Citations:
1,783
h-index:
6
Hao Zhang
Hao Zhang
Citations:
1,473
h-index:
4
Haotian Yao
Haotian Yao
Citations:
1,839
h-index:
5
Haoyu Lu
Haoyu Lu
Citations:
1,492
h-index:
5
Huabin Zheng
Huabin Zheng
Citations:
2,173
h-index:
6
Jia Chen
Jia Chen
Citations:
1,185
h-index:
4
Jin Zhang
Jin Zhang
Citations:
961
h-index:
1
Junjie Yan
Junjie Yan
Citations:
2,333
h-index:
9
Li-Na Shi
Li-Na Shi
Citations:
1,288
h-index:
3
Long Yu
Long Yu
Citations:
2,475
h-index:
9
Meng-xiao Dong
Meng-xiao Dong
Citations:
1,337
h-index:
3
Shaowei Liu
Shaowei Liu
Citations:
2,783
h-index:
10
Weiran He
Weiran He
Citations:
2,874
h-index:
12
Weixiao Huang
Weixiao Huang
Citations:
1,885
h-index:
8
Xinran Xu
Xinran Xu
Citations:
2,594
h-index:
11
Xinxing Zu
Xinxing Zu
Citations:
1,773
h-index:
6
Y. Charles
Y. Charles
Citations:
1,708
h-index:
7
Yang Li
Yang Li
Citations:
1,466
h-index:
4
Yangyang Liu
Yangyang Liu
Citations:
1,678
h-index:
5
Yibo Liu
Yibo Liu
Citations:
2,091
h-index:
6
Yiping Bao
Yiping Bao
Citations:
1,776
h-index:
6
Yuzhi Wang
Yuzhi Wang
Citations:
2,484
h-index:
9
Zaida Zhou
Zaida Zhou
Citations:
2,519
h-index:
9
Zhaoji Wang
Zhaoji Wang
Citations:
1,504
h-index:
5
Zhaowei Li
Zhaowei Li
Citations:
2,019
h-index:
9
Zhengxin Zhu
Zhengxin Zhu
Citations:
1,485
h-index:
5
Zhiqi Huang
Zhiqi Huang
Peking University
Citations:
2,158
h-index:
15
Zichen Wen
Zichen Wen
Citations:
945
h-index:
16
Shuhao Guan
Shuhao Guan
Citations:
26
h-index:
2
Wenxing Hao
Wenxing Hao
Citations:
6
h-index:
1
Yue Xu
Yue Xu
Citations:
49
h-index:
4
Yifei Chen
Yifei Chen
Citations:
211
h-index:
4
Haoran Ye
Haoran Ye
Citations:
30
h-index:
3
Shaobo Wang
Shaobo Wang
Citations:
16
h-index:
2
Hongcheng Gao
Hongcheng Gao
Citations:
82
h-index:
4
Yichi Zhang
Yichi Zhang
Citations:
3,628
h-index:
8
Xinyi He
Xinyi He
Citations:
3
h-index:
1
Junyu Luo
Junyu Luo
Peking University
Citations:
1,263
h-index:
14
Yifan Luo
Yifan Luo
Citations:
27
h-index:
2
Yujun Sun
Yujun Sun
Citations:
2
h-index:
1
Zhejun Jiang
Zhejun Jiang
Citations:
1,295
h-index:
6
Dan Ye
Dan Ye
Citations:
265
h-index:
3
Zhen Guo
Zhen Guo
Citations:
111
h-index:
4
Jin Xie
Jin Xie
Citations:
534
h-index:
5
Xiaoyun Zhang
Xiaoyun Zhang
Citations:
55
h-index:
3
Yaoyu Wang
Yaoyu Wang
Citations:
218
h-index:
6
Tianxiang Xu
Tianxiang Xu
Citations:
108
h-index:
3
Yang Yue
Yang Yue
Citations:
284
h-index:
4
Feng Wang
Feng Wang
Citations:
657
h-index:
6
Yiming Xiong
Yiming Xiong
Citations:
44
h-index:
4
Yichen Feng
Yichen Feng
Citations:
526
h-index:
4
Kimi Team Yifan Bai
Kimi Team Yifan Bai
Citations:
505
h-index:
2
Yifan Bai
Yifan Bai
Citations:
277
h-index:
6
H. Che
H. Che
Citations:
222
h-index:
2
Guanduo Chen
Guanduo Chen
Citations:
641
h-index:
6
Huarong Chen
Huarong Chen
Citations:
235
h-index:
2
Jun Chen
Jun Chen
Citations:
761
h-index:
7
Ruijue Chen
Ruijue Chen
Citations:
526
h-index:
4
Yingjian Chen
Yingjian Chen
Citations:
289
h-index:
5
Yuankun Chen
Yuankun Chen
Citations:
568
h-index:
6
Yujie Chen
Yujie Chen
Citations:
229
h-index:
2
Zhirong Chen
Zhirong Chen
Citations:
285
h-index:
5
Dazhi Cheng
Dazhi Cheng
Computer Science Department
Citations:
4,534
h-index:
5
Jialei Cui
Jialei Cui
Citations:
874
h-index:
4
Jiaqi Deng
Jiaqi Deng
Citations:
684
h-index:
4
Mengfan Dong
Mengfan Dong
Citations:
495
h-index:
3
Yuxin Dong
Yuxin Dong
Citations:
249
h-index:
4
Yuhao Dong
Yuhao Dong
Citations:
313
h-index:
5
Dikang Du
Dikang Du
Citations:
875
h-index:
4
Yulun Du
Yulun Du
Citations:
618
h-index:
4
Yu Fan
Yu Fan
Citations:
604
h-index:
4
Qiulin Feng
Qiulin Feng
Citations:
213
h-index:
1
Tong Gao
Tong Gao
Citations:
660
h-index:
7
Shangyi Geng
Shangyi Geng
Citations:
284
h-index:
4
Xiaocheng Gong
Xiaocheng Gong
Citations:
261
h-index:
5
Qizheng Gu
Qizheng Gu
Citations:
586
h-index:
3
Xiaoru Hao
Xiaoru Hao
Citations:
511
h-index:
3
Yun He
Yun He
Citations:
442
h-index:
8
Chao Hong
Chao Hong
Citations:
778
h-index:
5
Jiaxi Hu
Jiaxi Hu
Citations:
446
h-index:
6
Ke Huang
Ke Huang
Citations:
230
h-index:
3
Ruiyuan Huang
Ruiyuan Huang
Citations:
216
h-index:
2
Xinyi Jin
Xinyi Jin
Citations:
508
h-index:
2
Yu Jing
Yu Jing
Citations:
223
h-index:
3
Aidi Li
Aidi Li
Citations:
221
h-index:
2
Haoyang Li
Haoyang Li
Citations:
586
h-index:
7
Jia Li
Jia Li
Citations:
233
h-index:
4
Junxiong Li
Junxiong Li
Citations:
293
h-index:
5
Lincan Li
Lincan Li
Citations:
370
h-index:
7
Weihong Li
Weihong Li
Citations:
214
h-index:
1
Yiwei Li
Yiwei Li
Citations:
738
h-index:
6
Yuxiao Li
Yuxiao Li
Citations:
215
h-index:
2
Zheming Li
Zheming Li
Citations:
889
h-index:
5
Jiawei Lin
Jiawei Lin
Citations:
265
h-index:
5
Xiaohan Lin
Xiaohan Lin
Citations:
780
h-index:
7
Liang Liu
Liang Liu
Citations:
515
h-index:
4
Shudong Liu
Shudong Liu
Citations:
544
h-index:
9
Shuran Liu
Shuran Liu
Citations:
373
h-index:
7
Tian-Bo Liu
Tian-Bo Liu
Citations:
518
h-index:
4
Weizhou Liu
Weizhou Liu
Citations:
589
h-index:
3
Yanming Liu
Yanming Liu
Citations:
256
h-index:
3
Zhengying Liu
Zhengying Liu
Citations:
547
h-index:
4
Zhiyuan Lu
Zhiyuan Lu
Citations:
215
h-index:
1
Yuan Mei
Yuan Mei
Citations:
217
h-index:
2
Mi Ni
Mi Ni
Citations:
256
h-index:
5
Siyuan Pan
Siyuan Pan
Citations:
629
h-index:
5
Ruoyu Qin
Ruoyu Qin
Citations:
995
h-index:
9
Zeyu Qin
Zeyu Qin
Citations:
315
h-index:
4
Jiezhong Qiu
Jiezhong Qiu
Citations:
740
h-index:
4
Bowen Qu
Bowen Qu
Citations:
1,005
h-index:
7
Zeyu Shang
Zeyu Shang
Citations:
709
h-index:
4
Youbo Shao
Youbo Shao
Citations:
215
h-index:
2
Juanfeng Shi
Juanfeng Shi
Citations:
538
h-index:
2
Sheng-Peng Shi
Sheng-Peng Shi
Citations:
215
h-index:
2
Pengwei Song
Pengwei Song
Citations:
215
h-index:
2
Zhaochen Su
Zhaochen Su
Citations:
317
h-index:
5
T. Sun
T. Sun
Citations:
216
h-index:
2
Heyi Tang
Heyi Tang
Citations:
884
h-index:
4
Chensi Wang
Chensi Wang
Citations:
507
h-index:
2
Chuang Wang
Chuang Wang
Citations:
328
h-index:
6
Dinglu Wang
Dinglu Wang
Citations:
520
h-index:
3
Hailong Wang
Hailong Wang
Citations:
215
h-index:
2
Huaqing Wang
Huaqing Wang
Citations:
249
h-index:
3
Hui Wang
Hui Wang
Citations:
421
h-index:
5
Jinhong Wang
Jinhong Wang
Citations:
860
h-index:
5
Jiuzheng Wang
Jiuzheng Wang
Citations:
226
h-index:
3
Linian Wang
Linian Wang
Citations:
226
h-index:
3
Shuyi Wang
Shuyi Wang
Citations:
700
h-index:
6
Yejie Wang
Yejie Wang
Citations:
560
h-index:
5
Zhengtao Wang
Zhengtao Wang
Citations:
814
h-index:
5
Chu Wei
Chu Wei
Citations:
1,076
h-index:
6
Ming Wei
Ming Wei
Citations:
252
h-index:
6
Rucong Wu
Rucong Wu
Citations:
213
h-index:
1
Yuxin Wu
Yuxin Wu
Citations:
648
h-index:
5
Xiao-Ming Xie
Xiao-Ming Xie
Citations:
563
h-index:
4
Boyu Xu
Boyu Xu
Citations:
546
h-index:
5
Jianfan Xu
Jianfan Xu
Citations:
213
h-index:
1
Jing Xu
Jing Xu
Citations:
515
h-index:
3
Jinjing Xu
Jinjing Xu
Citations:
574
h-index:
6
Suting Xu
Suting Xu
Citations:
668
h-index:
3
Weixin Xu
Weixin Xu
Citations:
1,160
h-index:
6
Yangchuan Xu
Yangchuan Xu
Citations:
696
h-index:
6
Guang-Fu Yang
Guang-Fu Yang
Citations:
213
h-index:
1
Junwei Yang
Junwei Yang
Citations:
400
h-index:
5
Xiaofei Yang
Xiaofei Yang
Citations:
567
h-index:
5
Ying Yang
Ying Yang
Citations:
566
h-index:
5
Yi Yang
Yi Yang
Citations:
354
h-index:
4
Bohong Yin
Bohong Yin
Citations:
1,078
h-index:
5
Chengzheng Yu
Chengzheng Yu
Citations:
244
h-index:
4
Tianxiang Yu
Tianxiang Yu
Citations:
310
h-index:
7
Mengjie Yuan
Mengjie Yuan
Citations:
538
h-index:
4
D. Zha
D. Zha
Citations:
213
h-index:
1
Haobing Zhan
Haobing Zhan
Citations:
531
h-index:
5
Pu Zhang
Pu Zhang
Citations:
294
h-index:
3
Xiaobin Zhang
Xiaobin Zhang
Citations:
552
h-index:
6
Y. Zhang
Y. Zhang
Citations:
216
h-index:
2
Yangkun Zhang
Yangkun Zhang
Citations:
533
h-index:
4
Yongting Zhang
Yongting Zhang
Citations:
525
h-index:
4
Yutong Zhang
Yutong Zhang
Citations:
363
h-index:
6
Chenguang Zhao
Chenguang Zhao
Citations:
213
h-index:
1
Feifan Zhao
Feifan Zhao
Citations:
228
h-index:
3
Jinxiang Zhao
Jinxiang Zhao
Citations:
289
h-index:
4
Shuai Zhao
Shuai Zhao
Citations:
237
h-index:
3
Yikai Zhao
Yikai Zhao
Citations:
1,218
h-index:
14
Zijia Zhao
Zijia Zhao
Citations:
573
h-index:
7
Ruihan Zheng
Ruihan Zheng
Citations:
256
h-index:
4
T. Zheng
T. Zheng
Citations:
350
h-index:
7
Longguang Zhong
Longguang Zhong
Citations:
297
h-index:
2
Runjie Zhou
Runjie Zhou
Citations:
503
h-index:
3
Xinyu Zhou
Xinyu Zhou
Citations:
977
h-index:
6
Liya Zhu
Liya Zhu
Citations:
233
h-index:
3
Xinhao Zhu
Xinhao Zhu
Citations:
213
h-index:
1
Yuxuan Zhu
Yuxuan Zhu
Citations:
413
h-index:
3
Weiyu Zhuang
Weiyu Zhuang
Citations:
505
h-index:
2
Bin Zhao
Bin Zhao
Citations:
1,457
h-index:
16
Haoyuan Zhang
Haoyuan Zhang
Citations:
32
h-index:
2
Zhen Yang
Zhen Yang
Citations:
25
h-index:
3
Shaoning Sun
Shaoning Sun
Citations:
60
h-index:
4
Shiyi Zhang
Shiyi Zhang
Citations:
51
h-index:
4
Huanyu Zhang
Huanyu Zhang
Citations:
648
h-index:
9
Zichao Lin
Zichao Lin
Citations:
146
h-index:
4
Haiquan Qiu
Haiquan Qiu
Citations:
17
h-index:
3
Jianlong Chen
Jianlong Chen
Citations:
18
h-index:
3
Yizhi Zhang
Yizhi Zhang
Citations:
376
h-index:
2
Rui Ding
Rui Ding
Citations:
1
h-index:
1
Tiantian Xu
Tiantian Xu
Citations:
1
h-index:
1
Rui Zhang
Rui Zhang
Citations:
590
h-index:
13
Yuxuan Cao
Yuxuan Cao
Citations:
31
h-index:
3
Jingyue Gao
Jingyue Gao
Citations:
7
h-index:
1
Haoning Wu
Haoning Wu
Citations:
483
h-index:
5
Yanru Chen
Yanru Chen
Citations:
1,021
h-index:
7
Kelin Fu
Kelin Fu
Citations:
8
h-index:
1
Enming Yuan
Enming Yuan
Citations:
2,437
h-index:
12
Tianfu Wang
Tianfu Wang
University of Science and Technology of China
Citations:
325
h-index:
10
Yibo Lin
Yibo Lin
Citations:
9
h-index:
2
Ziyao Xu
Ziyao Xu
Citations:
39
h-index:
3
Xintong Li
Xintong Li
Citations:
524
h-index:
13
Peng Chen
Peng Chen
Citations:
61
h-index:
3
Guanyu Li
Guanyu Li
Citations:
573
h-index:
9
Zecheng Tang
Zecheng Tang
Citations:
743
h-index:
2
B. Lyu
B. Lyu
Citations:
219
h-index:
3
Zian Yang
Zian Yang
Citations:
43
h-index:
2
Letian Li
Letian Li
Citations:
6
h-index:
2
Yisheng Li
Yisheng Li
Citations:
9
h-index:
1
Jusen Du
Jusen Du
Citations:
76
h-index:
5
Xinyuan Wang
Xinyuan Wang
Citations:
806
h-index:
7
Yeqing Zhang
Yeqing Zhang
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
Yan Huang
Yan Huang
Citations:
39
h-index:
4
Zijing Zhang
Zijing Zhang
Citations:
49
h-index:
2
Zuhao Yang
Zuhao Yang
Citations:
67
h-index:
3
Zifan Wang
Zifan Wang
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
M. Zhou
M. Zhou
Citations:
27,475
h-index:
62
Yipeng Liu
Yipeng Liu
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
Yutian Chen
Yutian Chen
Citations:
1,283
h-index:
15
Xin Men
Xin Men
Citations:
2,148
h-index:
11
Zhiyuan Li
Zhiyuan Li
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
Cong Li
Cong Li
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
Guangyu Chen
Guangyu Chen
Citations:
73
h-index:
6
Rong Zhang
Rong Zhang
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
Jinguo Zhu
Jinguo Zhu
Citations:
3,633
h-index:
9
Tongtian Yue
Tongtian Yue
Citations:
280
h-index:
10
Zhangyang Qi
Zhangyang Qi
Citations:
309
h-index:
6
Peizhou Cao
Peizhou Cao
Citations:
96
h-index:
3
Lin Sui
Lin Sui
Citations:
329
h-index:
3
Yao Wang
Yao Wang
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
Xiaoxue Wu
Xiaoxue Wu
Citations:
35
h-index:
3
C. M
C. M
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
Jianfeng Cai
Jianfeng Cai
Citations:
20
h-index:
3
Xin-Hao Cai
Xin-Hao Cai
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
Ziwei Chai
Ziwei Chai
Citations:
1,080
h-index:
9
Guanzheng Chen
Guanzheng Chen
Citations:
2,161
h-index:
8
Kexin Chen
Kexin Chen
Citations:
30
h-index:
2
Wentao Chen
Wentao Chen
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
Xinxian Chen
Xinxian Chen
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
Yang Chen
Yang Chen
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
Yean Cheng
Yean Cheng
Citations:
3,469
h-index:
8
Ji-Zhe Cui
Ji-Zhe Cui
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
An-Bang Dai
An-Bang Dai
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
Shaofeng Ding
Shaofeng Ding
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
Jing Feng
Jing Feng
Citations:
44
h-index:
1
Qiang Fu
Qiang Fu
Citations:
203
h-index:
8
Fu-Juan Gao
Fu-Juan Gao
Citations:
9
h-index:
1
Wei Gao
Wei Gao
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
Jie Gong
Jie Gong
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
Lin Gong
Lin Gong
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
Sheng Gong
Sheng Gong
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
Yicheng Gu
Yicheng Gu
Citations:
536
h-index:
8
Shiqi Guo
Shiqi Guo
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
Xiang Guo
Xiang Guo
Citations:
15
h-index:
2
Beixi Hao
Beixi Hao
Citations:
1
h-index:
1
Dailan He
Dailan He
Citations:
25
h-index:
3
Haotian He
Haotian He
Citations:
60
h-index:
4
Lehan He
Lehan He
Citations:
42
h-index:
4
Qi He
Qi He
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
Xinran He
Xinran He
Citations:
34
h-index:
3
Yibo He
Yibo He
Citations:
5
h-index:
1
Tiange Hong
Tiange Hong
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
Rui-Jia Hu
Rui-Jia Hu
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
Weiming Hu
Weiming Hu
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
Yangyang Hu
Yangyang Hu
Citations:
0
h-index:
0
Zhenxing Hu
Zhenxing Hu
Citations:
511
h-index:
5
Liang Hua
Liang Hua
Citations:
26
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본 논문에서는 2.8조 개의 파라미터를 가진 Mixture-of-Experts 모델인 Kimi K3를 소개합니다. Kimi K3는 1040억 개의 활성화된 파라미터, 내장된 이미지 처리 기능, 그리고 1백만 토큰의 컨텍스트 창을 갖습니다. Kimi K3는 시퀀스 길이와 모델 깊이 전반에 걸쳐 정보 흐름을 개선하는 Kimi Delta Attention 및 Attention Residuals 기술을 기반으로 합니다. 또한, 각 토큰당 896개의 라우팅된 전문가 중 약 16개를 효과적으로 활성화하는 Stable LatentMoE 기술과 개선된 학습 방법 및 데이터 처리 방식을 통해 Kimi K2보다 전체적인 확장 효율성이 약 2.5배 향상되었습니다. 학습 후 평가 결과, Kimi K3는 일반, 에이전트 기반, 코딩 영역 전반에 걸쳐 다양한 수준의 추론 능력을 갖추고 있으며, 이를 통해 복합적인 일반화 및 안정적인 장기 실행이 가능합니다. 2.8조 규모의 Kimi K3는 알고리즘과 시스템의 공동 설계(KDA), 효율적인 메모리 관리를 통한 균형 잡힌 전문가 병렬 학습, 지속적인 실행 및 샌드박스 상태를 갖춘 백만 토큰 에이전트 기반 강화 학습, 그리고 배포 혁신을 포함한 다양한 인프라 개선 덕분에 구현되었습니다. 광범위한 평가 결과, Kimi K3는 장기 코딩, 에이전트 기반 작업, 지식 처리, 추론 및 이미지 처리 작업에서 최첨단 수준의 성능을 달성합니다. 전반적인 성능은 가장 강력한 독점 모델인 Claude Fable 5 및 GPT-5.6 Sol에 미치지 못하지만, Kimi K3는 저희가 평가한 다른 개방형 및 독점 모델보다 꾸준히 우수한 성능을 보입니다. 향후 연구를 촉진하고 최첨단 지능의 광범위한 활용과 확산을 가속화하기 위해 Kimi K3 모델 전체의 파라미터를 공개합니다.
Original
Abstract
We introduce Kimi K3, a 2.8T parameter Mixture-of-Experts model with 104 billion activated parameters, native vision capabilities, and a 1-million-token context window. Kimi K3 is built on Kimi Delta Attention and Attention Residuals, which improve information flow across sequence length and model depth. Together with Stable LatentMoE, which effectively activates 16 of 896 routed experts per token, and refined training and data recipes, these advances yield an approximately 2.5x improvement in overall scaling efficiency over Kimi K2. Post-training highlights reinforcement learning across general, agentic, and coding domains and multiple reasoning-effort levels, enabling compositional generalization and robust long-horizon execution. At 2.8T scale, Kimi K3 is supported by infrastructure advances in multiple areas: algorithm-system co-design for KDA, perfectly balanced expert-parallel training with efficient memory management, million-token agentic RL with persistent rollout and sandbox states, and deployment innovations. Extensive evaluations show that Kimi K3 achieves frontier-level performance across long-horizon coding, agentic, knowledge, reasoning, and vision tasks. While its overall performance still trails the most powerful proprietary models, namely Claude Fable 5 and GPT-5.6 Sol, Kimi K3 consistently outperforms other open and proprietary models evaluated in our suite. We release the full Kimi K3 model weights to facilitate future research and accelerate the broader deployment and adoption of frontier intelligence.
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