2601.16725v1 Jan 23, 2026 cs.AI

LongCat-Flash-Thinking-2601 기술 보고서

LongCat-Flash-Thinking-2601 Technical Report

Kevin I-Kai Wang
Kevin I-Kai Wang
Citations: 0
h-index: 0
Peng Pei
Peng Pei
Citations: 99
h-index: 7
Xunliang Cai
Xunliang Cai
Citations: 70
h-index: 5
Yong-hao Yin
Yong-hao Yin
Citations: 143
h-index: 3
Meituan LongCat Team
Meituan LongCat Team
Citations: 56
h-index: 4
Anchun Gui
Anchun Gui
Citations: 68
h-index: 5
Bei Li
Bei Li
Citations: 107
h-index: 5
Bingyang Tao
Bingyang Tao
Citations: 17
h-index: 2
Bole Zhou
Bole Zhou
Citations: 88
h-index: 5
Borun Chen
Borun Chen
Citations: 56
h-index: 5
Chao Zhang
Chao Zhang
Citations: 72
h-index: 5
Chen Zhang
Chen Zhang
Citations: 112
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Chengcheng Han
Chengcheng Han
Citations: 29
h-index: 4
Chenhui Yang
Chenhui Yang
Citations: 76
h-index: 5
Chuyu Zhang
Chuyu Zhang
Citations: 52
h-index: 4
Cong Chen
Cong Chen
Citations: 86
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Daoru Pan
Daoru Pan
Citations: 35
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Defei Bu
Defei Bu
Citations: 11
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Dengchang Zhao
Dengchang Zhao
Citations: 42
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Di Xiu
Di Xiu
Citations: 15
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Dishan Liu
Dishan Liu
Citations: 38
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Dongyu Ru
Dongyu Ru
Citations: 360
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Dunwei Tu
Dunwei Tu
Citations: 7
h-index: 1
Fan Wu
Fan Wu
Citations: 9
h-index: 2
Feng-lai Yuan
Feng-lai Yuan
Citations: 9
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Fengcun Li
Fengcun Li
Citations: 58
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Gang Xu
Gang Xu
Citations: 50
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Guanyu Wu
Guanyu Wu
Citations: 38
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Guo-An Lin
Guo-An Lin
Citations: 52
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Hansi Yang
Hansi Yang
Citations: 8
h-index: 1
Hao Yang
Hao Yang
Citations: 17
h-index: 2
Haonan Yan
Haonan Yan
Citations: 49
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Haoxiang Ma
Haoxiang Ma
Citations: 18
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Hongyan Hao
Hongyan Hao
Citations: 54
h-index: 4
Hongying Tang
Hongying Tang
Citations: 14
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Hongyu Zang
Hongyu Zang
Citations: 18
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Hongzhi Ni
Hongzhi Ni
Citations: 17
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Jiacheng Zhang
Jiacheng Zhang
Citations: 27
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Jia-Hai Zhou
Jia-Hai Zhou
Citations: 12
h-index: 2
Jiahuan Li
Jiahuan Li
Citations: 59
h-index: 4
Jiaming Wang
Jiaming Wang
Citations: 13
h-index: 2
Jian Yang
Jian Yang
Citations: 710
h-index: 7
Jianfei Zhang
Jianfei Zhang
Citations: 40
h-index: 4
Jian-hong Xu
Jian-hong Xu
Citations: 17
h-index: 2
Jianing Wang
Jianing Wang
Citations: 30
h-index: 4
Jiaqi Sun
Jiaqi Sun
Citations: 55
h-index: 4
Jia-jie Shi
Jia-jie Shi
Citations: 7
h-index: 1
Jingang Wang
Jingang Wang
Citations: 53
h-index: 4
Jinluan Yang
Jinluan Yang
Citations: 120
h-index: 7
Jinrui Ding
Jinrui Ding
Citations: 17
h-index: 2
Ji-Mei Xiao
Ji-Mei Xiao
Citations: 19
h-index: 2
Jiyuan He
Jiyuan He
Citations: 36
h-index: 2
Jun-Peng Xu
Jun-Peng Xu
Citations: 37
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K. Zhang
K. Zhang
Citations: 25
h-index: 3
Keheng Wang
Keheng Wang
Citations: 48
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Li Wei
Li Wei
Citations: 21
h-index: 3
Lian-ying Ma
Lian-ying Ma
Citations: 7
h-index: 1
Lin Qiu
Lin Qiu
Citations: 7
h-index: 1
Lin-Mei Liu
Lin-Mei Liu
Citations: 7
h-index: 1
Linsen Guo
Linsen Guo
Citations: 84
h-index: 4
Meng-meng Zhu
Meng-meng Zhu
Citations: 24
h-index: 3
Meng Shen
Meng Shen
Citations: 108
h-index: 3
Mingyang Zhu
Mingyang Zhu
Citations: 7
h-index: 1
Peng-Fei Jia
Peng-Fei Jia
Citations: 44
h-index: 3
Pengtao Zhang
Pengtao Zhang
Citations: 8
h-index: 1
Peng Zhao
Peng Zhao
Citations: 10
h-index: 1
Qinyun Gu
Qinyun Gu
Citations: 7
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Qiong Huang
Qiong Huang
Citations: 72
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Qiyuan Duan
Qiyuan Duan
Citations: 36
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Quanchi Weng
Quanchi Weng
Citations: 16
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Rongxiang Weng
Rongxiang Weng
Citations: 399
h-index: 7
Rongzhi Zhang
Rongzhi Zhang
Citations: 121
h-index: 6
Rumei Li
Rumei Li
Citations: 57
h-index: 5
Shan Lei
Shan Lei
Citations: 22
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Shuaikang Liu
Shuaikang Liu
Citations: 50
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Shuang Zhou
Shuang Zhou
Citations: 34
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Shuo Wang
Shuo Wang
Citations: 108
h-index: 6
Songyuan Zhao
Songyuan Zhao
Citations: 14
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Tian-Yue Hu
Tian-Yue Hu
Citations: 7
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Wei Liu
Wei Liu
Citations: 71
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Wei Shi
Wei Shi
Citations: 127
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Weifeng Tang
Weifeng Tang
Citations: 22
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Wenjie Shi
Wenjie Shi
Citations: 47
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Wenlong Zhu
Wenlong Zhu
Citations: 11
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Wentao Chen
Wentao Chen
Citations: 8
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Wentao Shi
Wentao Shi
Citations: 78
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Xiaofang Su
Xiaofang Su
Citations: 8
h-index: 1
Xiangcheng Liu
Xiangcheng Liu
Citations: 54
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Xiandi Ma
Xiandi Ma
Citations: 8
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Xiangyu Xi
Xiangyu Xi
Citations: 52
h-index: 4
Xiangyuan Liu
Xiangyuan Liu
Citations: 18
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Xiangzhou Huang
Xiangzhou Huang
Citations: 48
h-index: 4
Xiao Liu
Xiao Liu
Citations: 107
h-index: 6
Xiao-Yan Cai
Xiao-Yan Cai
Citations: 11
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Xiaolong Chen
Xiaolong Chen
Citations: 42
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Xiao-Jun Shi
Xiao-Jun Shi
Citations: 21
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Xiaoyu Li
Xiaoyu Li
Citations: 65
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Xin Chen
Xin Chen
Citations: 44
h-index: 4
Xingchen Liu
Xingchen Liu
Citations: 46
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Xuan Huang
Xuan Huang
Citations: 66
h-index: 4
Xue-cheng Cao
Xue-cheng Cao
Citations: 34
h-index: 3
Yan Chen
Yan Chen
Citations: 327
h-index: 8
Yang Bai
Yang Bai
Citations: 25
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Yang Yang
Yang Yang
Citations: 269
h-index: 8
Yao-Ying Wang
Yao-Ying Wang
Citations: 7
h-index: 1
Ya-Qin Zhu
Ya-Qin Zhu
Citations: 7
h-index: 1
Yaqi Huo
Yaqi Huo
Citations: 44
h-index: 3
Yanyu Chen
Yanyu Chen
Citations: 121
h-index: 5
Ya-Jun Shi
Ya-Jun Shi
Citations: 11
h-index: 2
Ye-Hsuan Sun
Ye-Hsuan Sun
Citations: 17
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Yi Zhang
Yi Zhang
Citations: 9
h-index: 2
Yihao Chen
Yihao Chen
Citations: 12
h-index: 2
Yi-Kai Zhang
Yi-Kai Zhang
Citations: 8
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Yifan Lu
Yifan Lu
Citations: 8
h-index: 1
Yifan Zhao
Yifan Zhao
Citations: 16
h-index: 2
Yi-Ran Zhai
Yi-Ran Zhai
Citations: 7
h-index: 1
Yongwei Zhou
Yongwei Zhou
MeiTuan
Citations: 140
h-index: 7
Youshao Xiao
Youshao Xiao
Citations: 16
h-index: 2
Yu-Bo Dai
Yu-Bo Dai
Citations: 9
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Yu-Han Xie
Yu-Han Xie
Citations: 17
h-index: 2
Yu-Yang Yu
Yu-Yang Yu
Citations: 7
h-index: 1
Yufei Zhang
Yufei Zhang
Citations: 17
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Yuhuai Wei
Yuhuai Wei
Citations: 24
h-index: 3
Yulei Qian
Yulei Qian
Citations: 71
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Yun-hua Liang
Yun-hua Liang
Citations: 24
h-index: 2
Yunke Zhao
Yunke Zhao
Citations: 51
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Yuwei Jiang
Yuwei Jiang
Citations: 16
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Yuxin Bian
Yuxin Bian
Citations: 7
h-index: 1
Yuxin Chen
Yuxin Chen
Citations: 41
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Yuxin Liu
Yuxin Liu
Citations: 15
h-index: 3
Yue Xu
Yue Xu
Citations: 26
h-index: 3
Yue Sun
Yue Sun
Citations: 7
h-index: 1
Ze-Xin Yu
Ze-Xin Yu
Citations: 54
h-index: 3
Zhaohua Yang
Zhaohua Yang
Citations: 63
h-index: 4
Zhengyu Chen
Zhengyu Chen
Citations: 43
h-index: 3
Zhijian Liu
Zhijian Liu
Citations: 100
h-index: 5
Zhi-Ping Xia
Zhi-Ping Xia
Citations: 7
h-index: 1
Zhimin Lin
Zhimin Lin
Citations: 9
h-index: 2
Zijian Zhang
Zijian Zhang
Citations: 12
h-index: 2
Zi-Jie Li
Zi-Jie Li
Citations: 41
h-index: 5
Ziwen Wang
Ziwen Wang
Citations: 39
h-index: 3
Zi Zhuang
Zi Zhuang
Citations: 27
h-index: 2
Yang Liu
Yang Liu
Citations: 139
h-index: 5
Chen Gao
Chen Gao
Citations: 26
h-index: 3
Cunguang Wang
Cunguang Wang
Citations: 19
h-index: 3
Haibin Wang
Haibin Wang
Citations: 356
h-index: 7
Haoxing Wen
Haoxing Wen
Citations: 39
h-index: 3
Hui Su
Hui Su
Citations: 64
h-index: 3
Jiarui Zhao
Jiarui Zhao
Citations: 1,216
h-index: 20
Ling-Yong Kong
Ling-Yong Kong
Citations: 8
h-index: 1
Pei-Wen Li
Pei-Wen Li
Citations: 35
h-index: 2
Shi-Qi Dai
Shi-Qi Dai
Citations: 7
h-index: 1
Tao Liang
Tao Liang
Citations: 20
h-index: 3
Tianze Chen
Tianze Chen
Citations: 98
h-index: 5
Yan Zheng
Yan Zheng
Citations: 401
h-index: 11
Zhiyuan Yao
Zhiyuan Yao
Citations: 18
h-index: 3
Zhuofan Chen
Zhuofan Chen
Citations: 26
h-index: 3
Zhu Han
Zhu Han
Citations: 57
h-index: 5
Jiapeng Zhu
Jiapeng Zhu
Citations: 84
h-index: 5
Shengnan An
Shengnan An
Xi'an Jiaotong University
Citations: 615
h-index: 10
Zhen Huang
Zhen Huang
Citations: 9
h-index: 1

우리는 탁월한 에이전트 추론 능력을 갖춘 5,600억 파라미터 규모의 오픈 소스 MoE(Mixture-of-Experts) 추론 모델인 LongCat-Flash-Thinking-2601을 소개합니다. LongCat-Flash-Thinking-2601은 에이전트 검색, 에이전트 도구 사용, 도구 통합 추론을 포함한 광범위한 에이전트 벤치마크에서 오픈 소스 모델 중 최고 수준(SOTA)의 성능을 달성했습니다. 벤치마크 성능을 넘어, 이 모델은 복잡한 도구 상호작용에 대한 강력한 일반화 성능과 노이즈가 많은 실제 환경에서의 견고한 동작을 보여줍니다. 이러한 향상된 능력은 도메인 병렬 전문가 훈련과 후속 융합을 결합한 통합 훈련 프레임워크와, 사전 훈련부터 사후 훈련에 이르기까지 데이터 구축, 환경, 알고리즘, 인프라를 아우르는 엔드투엔드 공동 설계에서 비롯됩니다. 특히, 복잡한 도구 사용에서의 강력한 일반화 능력은 환경 확장에 대한 심도 있는 탐구와 원칙에 기반한 작업(task) 구축을 통해 가능해졌습니다. 롱테일 분포의 편향된 생성과 멀티턴 에이전트 상호작용을 최적화하고, 20개 이상의 도메인에 걸친 10,000개 이상의 환경에서 안정적인 훈련을 가능하게 하기 위해, 우리는 안정적이고 효율적인 대규모 다중 환경 훈련을 위해 비동기 강화학습 프레임워크인 DORA를 체계적으로 확장했습니다. 또한, 실제 작업에는 본질적으로 노이즈가 존재한다는 점을 인식하여, 실제 노이즈 패턴을 체계적으로 분석 및 분해하고, 이러한 불완전성을 훈련 과정에 명시적으로 반영하는 목표 훈련 절차를 설계함으로써 실제 애플리케이션에 대한 견고성을 향상시켰습니다. 복잡한 추론 작업의 성능을 더욱 향상시키기 위해, 집약적인 병렬 사고를 통해 추론의 깊이와 너비를 동시에 확장하여 효과적인 테스트 타임 스케일링(test-time scaling)을 가능하게 하는 'Heavy Thinking' 모드를 도입했습니다.

Original Abstract

We introduce LongCat-Flash-Thinking-2601, a 560-billion-parameter open-source Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) reasoning model with superior agentic reasoning capability. LongCat-Flash-Thinking-2601 achieves state-of-the-art performance among open-source models on a wide range of agentic benchmarks, including agentic search, agentic tool use, and tool-integrated reasoning. Beyond benchmark performance, the model demonstrates strong generalization to complex tool interactions and robust behavior under noisy real-world environments. Its advanced capability stems from a unified training framework that combines domain-parallel expert training with subsequent fusion, together with an end-to-end co-design of data construction, environments, algorithms, and infrastructure spanning from pre-training to post-training. In particular, the model's strong generalization capability in complex tool-use are driven by our in-depth exploration of environment scaling and principled task construction. To optimize long-tailed, skewed generation and multi-turn agentic interactions, and to enable stable training across over 10,000 environments spanning more than 20 domains, we systematically extend our asynchronous reinforcement learning framework, DORA, for stable and efficient large-scale multi-environment training. Furthermore, recognizing that real-world tasks are inherently noisy, we conduct a systematic analysis and decomposition of real-world noise patterns, and design targeted training procedures to explicitly incorporate such imperfections into the training process, resulting in improved robustness for real-world applications. To further enhance performance on complex reasoning tasks, we introduce a Heavy Thinking mode that enables effective test-time scaling by jointly expanding reasoning depth and width through intensive parallel thinking.

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