Wenjian Luo
Publications
CulturALL: Benchmarking Multilingual and Multicultural Competence of LLMs on Grounded Tasks
Large language models (LLMs) are now deployed worldwide, inspiring a surge of benchmarks that measure their multilingual and multicultural abilities. However, these benchmarks prioritize generic language understanding or superficial cultural trivia, leaving the evaluation of grounded tasks -- where models must reason within real-world, context-rich scenarios -- largely unaddressed. To fill this gap, we present CulturALL, a comprehensive and challenging benchmark to assess LLMs' multilingual and multicultural competence on grounded tasks. CulturALL is built via a human--AI collaborative framework: expert annotators ensure appropriate difficulty and factual accuracy, while LLMs lighten the manual workload. By incorporating diverse sources, CulturALL ensures comprehensive scenario coverage. Each item is carefully designed to present a high level of difficulty, making CulturALL challenging. CulturALL contains 2,610 samples in 14 languages from 51 regions, distributed across 16 topics to capture the full breadth of grounded tasks. Experiments show that the best LLM achieves 44.48% accuracy on CulturALL, underscoring substantial room for improvement.
Co-evolving Agent Architectures and Interpretable Reasoning for Automated Optimization
Automating operations research (OR) with large language models (LLMs) remains limited by hand-crafted reasoning--execution workflows. Complex OR tasks require adaptive coordination among problem interpretation, mathematical formulation, solver selection, code generation, and iterative debugging. To address this limitation, we propose EvoOR-Agent, a co-evolutionary framework for automated optimization. The framework represents agent workflows as activity-on-edge (AOE)-style networks, making workflow topology, execution dependencies, and alternative reasoning paths explicit. On this representation, the framework maintains an architecture graph and evolves a population of reasoning individuals through graph-mediated path-conditioned recombination, multi-granularity semantic mutation, and elitist population update. A knowledge-base-assisted experience-acquisition module further injects reusable OR practices into initialization and semantic variation. Empirical results on heterogeneous OR benchmarks show that the proposed framework consistently improves over zero-shot LLMs, fixed-pipeline OR agents, and representative evolutionary agent frameworks. Case studies and ablation analyses further indicate that explicit architecture evolution and graph-supported reasoning-trajectory search contribute to both performance improvement and structural interpretability. These results suggest that treating agent architectures and reasoning trajectories as evolvable objects provides an effective route toward adaptive and interpretable automated optimization.
CDH-Bench: A Commonsense-Driven Hallucination Benchmark for Evaluating Visual Fidelity in Vision-Language Models
Vision-language models (VLMs) achieve strong performance on many benchmarks, yet a basic reliability question remains underexplored: when visual evidence conflicts with commonsense, do models follow what is shown or what commonsense suggests? A characteristic failure in this setting is that the model overrides visual evidence and outputs the commonsense alternative. We term this phenomenon \textbf{commonsense-driven hallucination} (CDH). To evaluate it, we introduce \textbf{CDH-Bench}, a benchmark designed to create explicit \textbf{visual evidence--commonsense conflicts}. CDH-Bench covers three dimensions: \textit{counting anomalies}, \textit{relational anomalies}, and \textit{attribute anomalies}. We evaluate frontier VLMs under \textit{binary Question Answering (QA)} and \textit{multiple-choice QA}, and report metrics including \textit{Counterfactual Accuracy} (CF-Acc), \textit{Commonsense Accuracy} (CS-Acc), \textit{Counterfactual Accuracy Drop} (CFAD), \textit{Commonsense Collapse Rate} (CCR), and \textit{Relative Prior Dependency} (RPD). Results show that even strong models remain vulnerable to prior-driven normalization under visual evidence--commonsense conflict. CDH-Bench provides a controlled diagnostic of visual fidelity under visual evidence--commonsense conflict.