Jiale Han
Publications
SimDiff: Depth Pruning via Similarity and Difference
Depth pruning improves the deployment efficiency of large language models (LLMs) by identifying and removing redundant layers. A widely accepted standard for this identification process is to measure the similarity between layers using cosine distance. However, we find that methods relying solely on this one-dimensional heuristic can exhibit unpredictable performance and even catastrophic collapse across different architectures. To address this issue, we propose SimDiff, a novel layer importance criterion that jointly evaluates layers from two orthogonal perspectives: representational similarity and transformation difference. The difference is quantified using two distinct metrics: MSSD, which is sensitive to outliers and identifies layers that make decisive corrections, and MASD, which robustly measures a layer's average contribution. Extensive experiments on multiple models ranging from 0.5B to 13B parameters demonstrate that SimDiff significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines across various pruning ratios. Notably, our method retains over 91% of LLaMA2-7B's performance at a 25% pruning ratio and achieves up to a 1.49x inference speedup when pruning 12 layers on LLaMA3.1-8B. We also show that pruned models can be effectively recovered with minimal fine-tuning.
Beyond A Fixed Seal: Adaptive Stealing Watermark in Large Language Models
Watermarking provides a critical safeguard for large language model (LLM) services by facilitating the detection of LLM-generated text. Correspondingly, stealing watermark algorithms (SWAs) derive watermark information from watermarked texts generated by victim LLMs to craft highly targeted adversarial attacks, which compromise the reliability of watermarks. Existing SWAs rely on fixed strategies, overlooking the non-uniform distribution of stolen watermark information and the dynamic nature of real-world LLM generation processes. To address these limitations, we propose Adaptive Stealing (AS), a novel SWA featuring enhanced design flexibility through Position-Based Seal Construction and Adaptive Selection modules. AS operates by defining multiple attack perspectives derived from distinct activation states of contextually ordered tokens. During attack execution, AS dynamically selects the optimal perspective based on watermark compatibility, generation priority, and dynamic generation relevance. Our experiments demonstrate that AS significantly increases steal efficiency against target watermarks under identical experimental conditions. These findings highlight the need for more robust LLM watermarks to withstand potential attacks. We release our code to the community for future research\footnote{https://github.com/DrankXs/AdaptiveStealingWatermark}.
Human or Machine? A Preliminary Turing Test for Speech-to-Speech Interaction
The pursuit of human-like conversational agents has long been guided by the Turing test. For modern speech-to-speech (S2S) systems, a critical yet unanswered question is whether they can converse like humans. To tackle this, we conduct the first Turing test for S2S systems, collecting 2,968 human judgments on dialogues between 9 state-of-the-art S2S systems and 28 human participants. Our results deliver a clear finding: no existing evaluated S2S system passes the test, revealing a significant gap in human-likeness. To diagnose this failure, we develop a fine-grained taxonomy of 18 human-likeness dimensions and crowd-annotate our collected dialogues accordingly. Our analysis shows that the bottleneck is not semantic understanding but stems from paralinguistic features, emotional expressivity, and conversational persona. Furthermore, we find that off-the-shelf AI models perform unreliably as Turing test judges. In response, we propose an interpretable model that leverages the fine-grained human-likeness ratings and delivers accurate and transparent human-vs-machine discrimination, offering a powerful tool for automatic human-likeness evaluation. Our work establishes the first human-likeness evaluation for S2S systems and moves beyond binary outcomes to enable detailed diagnostic insights, paving the way for human-like improvements in conversational AI systems.