Hanqian Li
Publications
Debias in Text, Believe Your Eyes: Text-Anchored Cross-Modal Transfer for Visual Counter-Commonsense Reasoning
The visual reasoning ability of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) is crucial for downstream applications, particularly counter-commonsense reasoning, which requires models to reason beyond common assumptions. Recent studies mainly improve visual counter-commonsense reasoning by enhancing visual inputs, following the assumption that failures originate from insufficient visual grounding. However, our empirical analysis reveals that the bottleneck is not visual perception. MLLMs already capture the relevant visual evidence, and the correct answer exists in their decoding space. Instead, the shared language decoder resolves prior--evidence conflicts by favoring dominant language priors, especially for low-frequency factual scenarios. Motivated by this, we first propose a text-anchored data construction pipeline, whose core component, Fact-Frequency Distillation (FFD), estimates the prior strength of commonsense facts and distills verified counter-commonsense scenarios into a high-quality text corpus. Building upon this corpus, we introduce TACT, a text-anchored post-training framework that debiases the shared language decoder without requiring any visual training data. TACT routes evidence-following and prior-driven reasoning trajectories into different optimization stages, enabling the decoder to resolve prior--evidence conflicts. Across counter-commonsense visual benchmarks, TACT substantially improves visual reasoning while preserving general capabilities, demonstrating effective text-to-vision cross-modal transfer.
Evaluating the encoding competence of visual language models using uncommon actions
We propose UAIT (Uncommon-sense Action Image-Text) dataset, a new evaluation benchmark designed to test the semantic understanding ability of visual language models (VLMs) in uncommon-sense action scenes. Unlike previous datasets that focus on common visual scenes with statistical frequency advantages, UAIT challenges models with grammatically reasonable but semantically counter-common sense image-text pairs. Such tasks require models to go beyond superficial pattern recognition and demonstrate a deep understanding of agent-patient relationships and physical feasibility. To build UAIT, we designed a semi-automated process to synthesize high-quality uncommon-sense image-text samples using large language models, few-shot prompt engineering, and text-to-image generation. Each sample is accompanied by a carefully designed multiple-choice question to test the model's competence in fine-grained reasoning. We evaluate multiple state-of-the-art visual language models and compare them with models based on contrastive learning. Experiments show that all models perform significantly worse than humans in semantic judgment, especially in distinguishing grammatical correctness from semantic rationality. Further experiments show that even the lightweight model can improve its accuracy after fine-tuning, demonstrating the great potential of directional adaptation. This study not only reveals the key weaknesses of VLMs, but also provides diagnostic tools and research directions for the development of robust models with real visual semantic reasoning capabilities.
A Visual Semantic Adaptive Watermark grounded by Prefix-Tuning for Large Vision-Language Model
Watermarking has emerged as a pivotal solution for content traceability and intellectual property protection in Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs). However, vision-agnostic watermarks introduce visually irrelevant tokens and disrupt visual grounding by enforcing indiscriminate pseudo-random biases, while some semantic-aware methods incur prohibitive inference latency due to rejection sampling. In this paper, we propose the VIsual Semantic Adaptive Watermark (VISA-Mark), a novel framework that embeds detectable signals while strictly preserving visual fidelity. Our approach employs a lightweight, efficiently trained prefix-tuner to extract dynamic Visual-Evidence Weights, which quantify the evidentiary support for candidate tokens based on the visual input. These weights guide an adaptive vocabulary partitioning and logits perturbation mechanism, concentrating watermark strength specifically on visually-supported tokens. By actively aligning the watermark with visual evidence, VISA-Mark effectively maintains visual fidelity. Empirical results confirm that VISA-Mark outperforms conventional methods with a 7.8% improvement in visual consistency (Chair-I) and superior semantic fidelity. The framework maintains highly competitive detection accuracy (96.88% AUC) and robust attack resilience (99.3%) without sacrificing inference efficiency, effectively establishing a new standard for reliability-preserving multimodal watermarking.