Koyena Pal
Publications
Transfer Learning from Foundational Optimization Embeddings to Unsupervised SAT Representations
Foundational optimization embeddings have recently emerged as powerful pre-trained representations for mixed-integer programming (MIP) problems. These embeddings were shown to enable cross-domain transfer and reduce reliance on solver-generated labels. In this work, we investigate whether such representations generalize beyond optimization to decision problems, focusing on Boolean satisfiability (SAT). We adapt the foundational optimization architecture to SAT by mapping CNF formulas into the same bipartite constraint-variable graph representation used for MIPs. This allows direct reuse of the pre-trained embedding model without architectural changes or supervised fine-tuning. Our results show that these embeddings capture structural regularities in SAT instances and support unsupervised tasks such as instance clustering and distribution identification. We demonstrate, for the first time, that foundational optimization embeddings can transfer to constraint satisfaction domains. Our findings is a step toward a unified representational framework for both optimization and decision problems.
Agents of Chaos
We report an exploratory red-teaming study of autonomous language-model-powered agents deployed in a live laboratory environment with persistent memory, email accounts, Discord access, file systems, and shell execution. Over a two-week period, twenty AI researchers interacted with the agents under benign and adversarial conditions. Focusing on failures emerging from the integration of language models with autonomy, tool use, and multi-party communication, we document eleven representative case studies. Observed behaviors include unauthorized compliance with non-owners, disclosure of sensitive information, execution of destructive system-level actions, denial-of-service conditions, uncontrolled resource consumption, identity spoofing vulnerabilities, cross-agent propagation of unsafe practices, and partial system takeover. In several cases, agents reported task completion while the underlying system state contradicted those reports. We also report on some of the failed attempts. Our findings establish the existence of security-, privacy-, and governance-relevant vulnerabilities in realistic deployment settings. These behaviors raise unresolved questions regarding accountability, delegated authority, and responsibility for downstream harms, and warrant urgent attention from legal scholars, policymakers, and researchers across disciplines. This report serves as an initial empirical contribution to that broader conversation.
Do explanations generalize across large reasoning models?
Large reasoning models (LRMs) produce a textual chain of thought (CoT) in the process of solving a problem, which serves as a potentially powerful tool to understand the problem by surfacing a human-readable, natural-language explanation. However, it is unclear whether these explanations generalize, i.e. whether they capture general patterns about the underlying problem rather than patterns which are esoteric to the LRM. This is a crucial question in understanding or discovering new concepts, e.g. in AI for science. We study this generalization question by evaluating a specific notion of generalizability: whether explanations produced by one LRM induce the same behavior when given to other LRMs. We find that CoT explanations often exhibit this form of generalization (i.e. they increase consistency between LRMs) and that this increased generalization is correlated with human preference rankings and post-training with reinforcement learning. We further analyze the conditions under which explanations yield consistent answers and propose a straightforward, sentence-level ensembling strategy that improves consistency. Taken together, these results prescribe caution when using LRM explanations to yield new insights and outline a framework for characterizing LRM explanation generalization.